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<h2 data-start="167" data-end="192">SS-31 (Elamipretide)</h2>
<p data-start="193" data-end="231"><strong data-start="193" data-end="231">Mitochondria-Targeted Tetrapeptide</strong></p>
<p data-start="233" data-end="635">SS-31, also known as <strong data-start="254" data-end="270">Elamipretide</strong>, is a <strong data-start="277" data-end="325">synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide</strong> utilized in preclinical research to investigate <strong data-start="374" data-end="467">mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress pathways, and cellular metabolic regulation</strong>. It is designed to localize to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it has been studied for interactions with cardiolipin and modulation of mitochondrial signaling.</p>
<p data-start="637" data-end="999">In laboratory and animal models, SS-31 has been employed to explore <strong data-start="705" data-end="796">mitochondrial dynamics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation, and energy metabolism</strong>. Its activity has been primarily studied at the mechanistic level, including effects on <strong data-start="885" data-end="998">electron transport chain efficiency, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways</strong>.</p>
<hr data-start="1001" data-end="1004" />
<h2 data-start="1006" data-end="1047">Peptide Identity and Molecular Profile</h2>
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<th data-start="1049" data-end="1060" data-col-size="sm">Property</th>
<th data-start="1060" data-end="1075" data-col-size="md">Description</th>
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<td data-start="1103" data-end="1118" data-col-size="sm">Peptide Name</td>
<td data-start="1118" data-end="1127" data-col-size="md">SS-31</td>
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<tr data-start="1128" data-end="1192">
<td data-start="1128" data-end="1144" data-col-size="sm">Peptide Class</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1144" data-end="1192">Synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide</td>
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<tr data-start="1193" data-end="1227">
<td data-start="1193" data-end="1213" data-col-size="sm">Amino Acid Length</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1213" data-end="1227">4 residues</td>
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<tr data-start="1228" data-end="1303">
<td data-start="1228" data-end="1247" data-col-size="sm">Peptide Sequence</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1247" data-end="1303">D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ (Dmt = 2&#8242;,6&#8242;-dimethyltyrosine)</td>
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<tr data-start="1304" data-end="1382">
<td data-start="1304" data-end="1323" data-col-size="sm">Molecular Weight</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1323" data-end="1382">~639 Da (may vary depending on synthesis and salt form)</td>
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<tr data-start="1383" data-end="1486">
<td data-start="1383" data-end="1408" data-col-size="sm">Primary Research Focus</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1408" data-end="1486">Mitochondrial function, oxidative stress signaling, cellular bioenergetics</td>
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<hr data-start="1488" data-end="1491" />
<h2 data-start="1493" data-end="1529">Chemical and Registry Information</h2>
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<th data-start="1542" data-end="1551" data-col-size="md">Value</th>
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<td data-start="1573" data-end="1593" data-col-size="sm">Molecular Formula</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1593" data-end="1642">C₄₈H₆₆N₁₂O₈ (reported in research literature)</td>
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<td data-start="1643" data-end="1656" data-col-size="sm">CAS Number</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1656" data-end="1671">897016‑82‑9</td>
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<td data-start="1672" data-end="1695" data-col-size="sm">Registry Identifiers</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1695" data-end="1740">Research designation: SS-31, Elamipretide</td>
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<td data-start="1741" data-end="1752" data-col-size="sm">Synonyms</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1752" data-end="1777">D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂</td>
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<td data-start="1778" data-end="1800" data-col-size="sm">Structural Features</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="1800" data-end="1875">Cationic, amphipathic tetrapeptide designed for mitochondrial targeting</td>
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<h2 data-start="1882" data-end="1935">Biological Pathways Studied (Preclinical Research)</h2>
<p data-start="1937" data-end="2071">SS-31 has been studied for its effects on <strong data-start="1979" data-end="2047">mitochondrial signaling pathways and cellular metabolic networks</strong> in laboratory research:</p>
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<th data-start="2092" data-end="2112" data-col-size="md">Research Context</th>
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<td data-start="2150" data-end="2180" data-col-size="sm">Mitochondrial Bioenergetics</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="2180" data-end="2262">Explored in relation to electron transport chain efficiency and ATP production</td>
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<tr data-start="2263" data-end="2350">
<td data-start="2263" data-end="2292" data-col-size="sm">Oxidative Stress Signaling</td>
<td data-start="2292" data-end="2350" data-col-size="md">Studied for modulation of ROS and antioxidant pathways</td>
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<td data-start="2351" data-end="2377" data-col-size="sm">Cardiolipin Interaction</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="2377" data-end="2454">Investigated for effects on mitochondrial membrane integrity and function</td>
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<tr data-start="2455" data-end="2558">
<td data-start="2455" data-end="2487" data-col-size="sm">Apoptosis and Cellular Stress</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="2487" data-end="2558">Explored in preclinical models of mitochondrial-mediated cell death</td>
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<tr data-start="2559" data-end="2662">
<td data-start="2559" data-end="2584" data-col-size="sm">Mitochondrial Dynamics</td>
<td data-col-size="md" data-start="2584" data-end="2662">Examined for influence on fission/fusion and membrane potential regulation</td>
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<hr data-start="2664" data-end="2667" />
<h2 data-start="2669" data-end="2693">Research Applications</h2>
<p data-start="2695" data-end="2749">SS-31 is commonly utilized in laboratory research for:</p>
<ul data-start="2751" data-end="3039">
<li data-start="2751" data-end="2789">
<p data-start="2753" data-end="2789">Mitochondrial bioenergetics assays</p>
</li>
<li data-start="2790" data-end="2837">
<p data-start="2792" data-end="2837">ROS modulation and oxidative stress studies</p>
</li>
<li data-start="2838" data-end="2893">
<p data-start="2840" data-end="2893">Cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis research</p>
</li>
<li data-start="2894" data-end="2960">
<p data-start="2896" data-end="2960">Preclinical models of organ-specific mitochondrial dysfunction</p>
</li>
<li data-start="2961" data-end="3039">
<p data-start="2963" data-end="3039">Mechanistic studies of mitochondrial membrane and cardiolipin interactions</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p data-start="3041" data-end="3160">All studies are intended for <strong data-start="3070" data-end="3107">in vitro or animal model research</strong> and do not extend to human or clinical applications.</p>
<hr data-start="3162" data-end="3165" />
<h2 data-start="3167" data-end="3201">Storage and Handling Guidelines</h2>
<p data-start="3203" data-end="3360">Store SS-31 in a cool, dry, and dark environment. Laboratory-grade handling procedures should be followed to preserve chemical stability and reproducibility.</p>
<hr data-start="3362" data-end="3365" />
<h2 data-start="3367" data-end="3388">Lyophilized Powder</h2>
<p data-start="3390" data-end="3619">SS-31 is supplied as a <strong data-start="3413" data-end="3435">lyophilized powder</strong>, obtained through freeze-drying to maintain conformational integrity and chemical stability. This format enables accurate experimental dosing and consistency in preclinical protocols.</p>
<hr data-start="3621" data-end="3624" />
<h2 data-start="3626" data-end="3660">Shelf Life After Reconstitution</h2>
<p data-start="3662" data-end="3967">Following reconstitution, SS-31’s stability may vary depending on <strong data-start="3728" data-end="3792">solvent choice, storage temperature, and handling conditions</strong>. Reconstituted material is generally considered for <strong data-start="3845" data-end="3863">short-term use</strong> in experimental planning, with attention to maintaining peptide integrity during preclinical studies.</p>
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SS-31

<p>SS-31 is a mitochondrial-targeted peptide that may support cellular energy production and mitochondrial health.</p>
