SS-31

SS-31

SS-31 is a mitochondrial-targeted peptide that may support cellular energy production and mitochondrial health.

Price range: $75.00 through $260.00

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Description

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

Mitochondria-Targeted Tetrapeptide

SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide utilized in preclinical research to investigate mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress pathways, and cellular metabolic regulation. It is designed to localize to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it has been studied for interactions with cardiolipin and modulation of mitochondrial signaling.

In laboratory and animal models, SS-31 has been employed to explore mitochondrial dynamics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation, and energy metabolism. Its activity has been primarily studied at the mechanistic level, including effects on electron transport chain efficiency, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways.

Peptide Identity and Molecular Profile

Property Description
Peptide Name SS-31
Peptide Class Synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide
Amino Acid Length 4 residues
Peptide Sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ (Dmt = 2′,6′-dimethyltyrosine)
Molecular Weight ~639 Da (may vary depending on synthesis and salt form)
Primary Research Focus Mitochondrial function, oxidative stress signaling, cellular bioenergetics

Chemical and Registry Information

Property Value
Molecular Formula C₄₈H₆₆N₁₂O₈ (reported in research literature)
CAS Number 897016‑82‑9
Registry Identifiers Research designation: SS-31, Elamipretide
Synonyms D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂
Structural Features Cationic, amphipathic tetrapeptide designed for mitochondrial targeting

Biological Pathways Studied (Preclinical Research)

SS-31 has been studied for its effects on mitochondrial signaling pathways and cellular metabolic networks in laboratory research:

Pathway / System Research Context
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Explored in relation to electron transport chain efficiency and ATP production
Oxidative Stress Signaling Studied for modulation of ROS and antioxidant pathways
Cardiolipin Interaction Investigated for effects on mitochondrial membrane integrity and function
Apoptosis and Cellular Stress Explored in preclinical models of mitochondrial-mediated cell death
Mitochondrial Dynamics Examined for influence on fission/fusion and membrane potential regulation

Research Applications

SS-31 is commonly utilized in laboratory research for:

  • Mitochondrial bioenergetics assays

  • ROS modulation and oxidative stress studies

  • Cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis research

  • Preclinical models of organ-specific mitochondrial dysfunction

  • Mechanistic studies of mitochondrial membrane and cardiolipin interactions

All studies are intended for in vitro or animal model research and do not extend to human or clinical applications.

Storage and Handling Guidelines

Store SS-31 in a cool, dry, and dark environment. Laboratory-grade handling procedures should be followed to preserve chemical stability and reproducibility.

Lyophilized Powder

SS-31 is supplied as a lyophilized powder, obtained through freeze-drying to maintain conformational integrity and chemical stability. This format enables accurate experimental dosing and consistency in preclinical protocols.

Shelf Life After Reconstitution

Following reconstitution, SS-31’s stability may vary depending on solvent choice, storage temperature, and handling conditions. Reconstituted material is generally considered for short-term use in experimental planning, with attention to maintaining peptide integrity during preclinical studies.

SS-31 (Elamipretide) Research Overview

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂) utilized in laboratory research to investigate mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress modulation, and membrane stabilization. The peptide is of interest in preclinical studies for its mitochondrial localization properties and potential to influence cellular energetics and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in controlled experimental models.

Researchers use SS-31 to explore mechanistic pathways in mitochondrial function across cardiac, skeletal muscle, and neuronal models, allowing for investigation of electron transport chain dynamics, membrane interactions, and oxidative balance in vitro and in vivo.

Mechanism of Action in Laboratory Models

Preclinical research has investigated SS-31 for several mechanistic effects:

  • Mitochondrial Membrane Interaction

    • SS-31 preferentially targets cardiolipin-rich inner mitochondrial membranes, supporting membrane organization and stability in experimental systems (Szeto, 2008).

  • Reactive Oxygen Species Modulation

    • Laboratory studies suggest SS-31 may influence ROS levels, reducing oxidative markers in preclinical cell culture and animal models, although precise signaling pathways are still under investigation.

  • Bioenergetic Effects

    • SS-31 is explored for potential impacts on electron transport chain efficiency and ATP production, particularly in isolated mitochondria and metabolic assays.

  • Pleiotropic Mitochondrial Modulation

    • In research models, SS-31 is treated as a multi-target mitochondrial modulator, without attributing verified therapeutic outcomes.

Primary Research Findings

Evidence from in vitro and animal models includes:

  • Mitochondrial Function Studies

    • SS-31 has been investigated for stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential and supporting cellular bioenergetic efficiency (Birk et al., 2013).

  • Oxidative Stress Models

    • Research indicates modulation of ROS and oxidative damage markers in cardiac, skeletal muscle, and neuronal systems.

  • Comparative Context

    • SS-31 is often compared with other mitochondria-targeted peptides to study mechanistic differences in membrane interaction and oxidative modulation, without implying clinical superiority.

System-Specific Research Applications

Mitochondrial Bioenergetics

  • Investigates electron transport chain function, ATP production, and mitochondrial membrane potential.

  • Assays include respirometry, membrane potential dyes, and metabolic flux analysis.

Oxidative Stress Research

  • Explores ROS levels, oxidative damage markers, and antioxidant responses in cellular models.

  • Used to study mitochondrial-targeted peptide mechanisms.

Cellular and Tissue Models

  • Applied in cardiac, skeletal muscle, and neuronal in vitro systems.

  • Endpoints include mitochondrial morphology, membrane stabilization, and functional bioenergetics.

Comparative Research Context

  • Preclinical studies compare SS-31 to other mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptides to evaluate selectivity, membrane affinity, and ROS modulation.

  • Comparisons are mechanistic, not performance-oriented.

Research Handling and Format

  • Common Formats – SS-31 is supplied as lyophilized powder, facilitating accurate peptide quantification and reproducible experiments.

  • Stability Considerations – Lyophilization maintains peptide integrity and mitochondrial-targeting functionality. Stability post-reconstitution is influenced by experimental conditions and storage.

Research Use Only Disclaimer

This compound is intended for laboratory research purposes only. It is not for human consumption, clinical use, therapeutic application, or veterinary use.

Compound Identity and Molecular Profile

Property Description
Peptide Name SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Peptide Class Synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide
Amino Acid Sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂
Amino Acid Length 4 residues
Molecular Weight ~639 Da
Molecular Formula C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅
Biological Role Investigated in preclinical models for mitochondrial targeting, bioenergetic modulation, and oxidative stress research

References

  • Szeto, H. H. (2008). Mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidants: novel neuroprotective agents. Amino Acids, 34(4), 535–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-007-0639-1

  • Birk, A. V., Chao, W., Bracken, C., Warren, J. D., & Szeto, H. H. (2013). Targeting mitochondrial cardiolipin and the electron transport chain with SS-31: Preclinical investigations in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 344(3), 707–716. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.199061

  • Note: Literature remains primarily preclinical, focusing on mechanistic investigations of mitochondria-targeted bioenergetics and oxidative stress.

SS31 COA

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Disclaimer: For Research Purposes Only

This content is provided strictly for research purposes and does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for the non-laboratory application or improper handling of peptides designed for research. The information, including discussions about specific peptides and their researched benefits, is presented for informational purposes only and must not be construed as health, clinical, or legal guidance, nor an encouragement for non-research use in humans.

Peptides described here are solely for use in structured scientific study by authorized individuals. We advise consulting with research experts, medical practitioners, or legal counsel prior to any decisions about obtaining or utilizing these peptides.

The expectation of responsible, ethical utilization of this information for legitimate investigative and scholarly objectives is paramount. This notice is dynamic and governs all provided content on research peptides.

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